MAYAN PROPHECY OF 2012

Calendar Mesoamerican Long Count

The Long Count is a computer system that was in place in time from the Late Preclassic Mesoamerica until the end of the Classic. Although generally attributed to the invention of the Maya Long Count, the oldest inscriptions in this system have been found in objects associated with Epi-Olmec culture. There is no single method to correlate the Long Count dates in the Gregorian calendar. This is because Europeans knew the long count in the twentieth century, almost ten centuries after it fell into disuse. Among the proposed correlations, the most widely used is called GMT +2 (Goodman-Martinez-Thompson), which marks the initial date of computation on 11 August 3114. C. 10 11 The Maya script was subsequently deciphered, where much of his material survived the conquest hieroglyph española.

Unlike the 52-year calendar round still used today among the Maya, the Long Count was linear, almost cyclical, and calculate the time in units of 20: 20 days make a uinal, 18 uinals (360 days) made a tun, 20 make a k'atun tunes, and 20 katun (144,000 days) made about b'ak'tun. Thus, the Mayan date of 8.3.2.10.15 represents 8 baktun,  3 katun , 2 tunes, 10 uinals and 15 days.

Apocalypse

There is a strong tradition of "world ages" in Mayan literature, but the record has been distorted, leaving several possibilities opened. According to the Popol Vuh, a book compiling details of creation accounts known to the Quiche Mayan ethnic group of the highlands of the colonial era, now living in the fourth world. The Popol Vuh states that the first gods created three failed worlds, the fourth world succeeded and prospered, and became the home of modern man. In the long count, every previous world ended after the thirteenth baktun (5125 years).

The "zero date" of the Long Count is calculted in 15 on August 11, 3114. C.

In 1957, American astronomer Maud Worcester Makemson (1891-1977) wrote that "the full phase of a great period of 13 baktuns could have been of paramount importance to the Mayans' .

In 1966, the religious writer Michael D. Coe said in his book The Maya that "on the final day of the thirteenth baktun, Armageddon might surprise the degenerate people of this world and all creation '.

Objections

In the early nineties, some religious writers (new age) repeated Coe's apocalyptic vision. While in contrast, later investigated the baktun end date could be related more to a celebración and not mark the end of the calendar.

In the prophecies of the Maya, the Aztecs or the ancient Mesoamericans there is nothing to suggest that they prophesied a sudden or large of any kind in 2012. The notion of a "Great Cycle" coming to an end is a thoroughly modern invention.

Mark van Stone (researcher Mayanist)

In 1990, researchers mayanistas Linda Schele and David Freidel argued that the Maya "did not conceive this to be an end of creation, as many have suggested."

Susan Milbrath, curator of the Museum of Natural History in Florida stated that "the archaeological community we have no record that the Mayans believed that the world would end in 2012."

"For the ancient Maya, it was a grand celebration that marks the end of a cycle," said Sandra Noble, executive director of the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies in Crystal River (Florida) -. Submit to December 21, 2012 as a doomsday event or moment of cosmic shifting is a total fabrication and a great opportunity for many people to get money '.

"It will be another cycle, said E. Wyllys Andrews V, director of Tulane University. We know the Maya thought there was something before your calendar, and that implies they were comfortable with the idea that there was a calendar after '.

"I think popular books [...] about what the Mayans say will happen are made on very little evidence," said Anthony Aveni, a professor of Native American studies, anthropology and astronomy at the University of Colgate.

Due to the large number of inquiries received by NASA on the subject, published an article that institution as a FAQ ('Frequently Asked Questions' in English) on the relationship between the 2012 and the supposed end of the world.

Reference maya the thirteenth baktun.

The contemporary Maya 2012, do not attach any importance to the thirteenth baktun. Although some Maya groups in the highlands of Guatemala still use the calendar round, the "long count" was used exclusively by the classic Maya, and was recently discovered by arqueólogos.

The largest Guatemalan Mayan Apolinario Chile Pixtun and Mexican archaeologist Guillermo Bernal noted that "apocalypse" is a Western concept that has little or nothing to do with Mayan beliefs. Bernal believes that such ideas have been imposed on the Maya by Westerners because their own myths are "exhausted"

Guatemalan Mayan archaeologist Jose Huchm stated that "if to some Mayan-speaking communities and asked them about what will happen in 2012, probably would have no idea about it. What will the world end? Do not believe it. Currently we have really important issues, like rain '.

The importance that the ancient Maya gave him the baktun 13 is uncertain. Most classic Maya inscriptions are strictly historical and do not make any prophetic statement. Two articles in the body text of Mayan history, however, may make mention of the end of the thirteenth baktun: Tortuguero Monument Six and the Chilam Balam.

Tortuguero

The inscriptions of Tortuguero, located at the southern end of Tabasco (Mexico), were written in the seventh century d. C. and consist of a series of inscriptions in honor of the ruler Bahlam Ajaw. One inscription, known as Tortuguero Monument Six, is the only inscription referring to the thirteenth baktun. It was partially damaged. According to a translation of Sven Gronemeyer and Barbara MacLeod:

tzuhtzjo: m uy-u: xlaju: n pik (to be completed the thirteenth baktun)

chan ajaw u: x uni: w uhto: m il? (And a vision happen [?])

ye'ni / e: n bolon Yokte (is the sample-Yokte B'olon)

joyaj chak ta (in a great investment) 

Little is known about the god Bolon Yokte. According to an article by researchers Markus Eberl and Christian Prager (in British Anthropological Reports), his name is composed of the elements "nine", 'OK-te' (the meaning of which is unknown), and "god". Some confusion in the classical period inscriptions suggests that by that time the name was unfamiliar to ancient scribes. This god also appears in inscriptions from Palenque, Usumacinta, and La Mar as a god of war and the underworld. On a pillar is represented with a rope around his neck, and in another with an incense bag signifying a sacrifice to an end a period of time.

The 'Chilam Balam'

The Chilam Balam are a group of Mayan prophetic histories written after the Spanish conquest, transcribed in a modified form of the Spanish alphabet. Attributed to the chilam balam ('prophets jaguars'). The Chilam Balam of Tizimin has been translated four times in the twentieth century, with many disputes over the meaning of its passages. One passage in particular is relevant to the interpretation of the thirteenth baktun:

Lic u such Oxlahun bak chem, ti u CENIC u (tzan to cen / ba nacom) i (CIAC / cha ') a ba yum (il / t) exe.

Maud Worcester Makemson Archaeologist (1891-1977) believed that this line referred to a "tremendously important event of the arrival of 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 3 Kankin in a not too distant future." His translation of the line says:

Soon, the thirteenth baktun come sailing, figuratively speaking, bringing the ornaments that I have mentioned of your ancestors.

His version of the text continues, "Then the god will come to visit their children. Perhaps, "after death" is the theme of his speech. " 13.0.0.0.0 Makemson dated in 1752 and, therefore, the "not too distant future" in her annotations meant a few years after the scribe in Tizimín recorded his Chilam Balam. The most recent translation of Munro S. Edmonson does not support this reading, he believes that the Long Count is almost entirely absent from the book, because the 360-day tun was replaced about 1750 by a 365-day Christian year. He translates the line as follows:

... As the arrival of thirteen sailboats. When the captains dress, her parents will tomados.

Other Chilam Balam books contain references to the thirteenth baktun, but it is unclear whether dealing with past or future, eg oxhun bakam or katunil (bakam thirteen katun) in the Chilam Balam of Bolon Chumayel.30 Yokte 'appeared K'uh In the Chilam Balam of Chumayel means an apparent battle or victory against invaders españoles.

Dates beyond the thirteenth baktun

Temple of Inscriptions

Many inscriptions occasionally referenced future events or commemorations that would occur on dates that lie beyond the full phase of the thirteenth baktun. Many of these are in the form of "distant dates" which gives a Long Count date, together with a Distance Number that is added to the Long Count date of arrival at that future date. In a west panel at the Temple of Inscriptions in Palenque, a section of text projections in the future towards the eightieth anniversary of the Calendar Round of Palenque ruler K'inich Janaab 'Pakal accessing the throne (Pakal's rise occurs in 9.9.2.4.8; equivalent to July 27, 615 CE in proleptic Gregorian calendar). To do this, starting with Pakal's birthdate of 9.8.9.13.0 (March 24, 603 CE, Gregorian date) and adding to this the number Distant 10.11.10.5.8.32

This calculation comes at the eightieth Calendar Round anniversary since his ascension, which is located at 4000 years after the time of Pakal: October 21, 4772 to. C.33 32 34

Another example is one in Coba Stela, delivering a 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0 date., Or twenty units above the baktun, placing it either 4.134105 × 1028 (41 octillion) years in the future, or an equal distance in the pasado.34 However, this date is three quintillion times an era in the universe, demonstrating that not all .

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