BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR

Baja California Sur is the smallest Mexican state by population and the 31st admitted state of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state on October 8, 1974, the area was known as the South Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 73,475 km²

As of 2010, the population was 637,026. The state is home to the tourist resorts of Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo. Its largest city and capital is La Paz, a tourist resort and historic landmark. It includes Loreto, the historic first capital of all three Californias (Baja California Sur, Baja California, and California), the town of Santa Rosalía which is the site of a historic church designed by Gustave 

he first inhabitants are thought to have arrived to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago, to judge by the archaeological discovery of several Clovis points in the northern part of the state. The possibility of an even earlier occupation has been raised by radiocarbondates from a site on Isla Espíritu Santo, but this interpretation still remains controversial.

Before phases of the state's prehistory are manifested in several archaeological complexes:

• The Las Palmas Complex in the Cape Region and on nearby islands in the Gulf of California is primarily a mortuary pattern. Hallmarks include caves or rock shelters containing secondary burials of human bones painted with red ochre.
• The Comondú Complex represents late prehistoric occupation throughout the central portion of the peninsula, perhaps dating between about A.D. 500 and 1700. It is recognized, in particular, by small, triangular projectile points that attest to the introduction of the bow and arrow into the region.
• The Great Mural Rock Art is the best-known archaeological phenomenon in northern Baja California Sur. In the Sierra de Guadalupeand Sierra de San Francisco, many rockshelters contain larger-than-life paintings of humans, deer and other animals.

Four distinct ethnolinguistic groups were encountered in Baja California Sur by the early explorers and missionaries: the Pericú in the south, between Cabo San Lucas and La Paz, and on several of the islands in the Gulf; the Guaycura from La Paz to south of Loreto; the Monqui, in the area around Loreto; and the Cochimí, in extensive areas throughout the middle of the peninsula.

Geography and ecology.

 Baja california Sur is characterized by deserts, mountains and coastal flatlands. The climate is desert-like in most parts of the state. Plants such as cardon, mezquite and wild-lettuce; animals including mountain lions; and other plants and wildlife characteristic of this ecosystem are found in the Central and Vizcaino Deserts of Baja California Sur.

Parallel to the coast lies the Sierra de la Giganta, with pine and oak forests. To the west, the coastline flatlands form beautiful plains like the Llanos Santa Clara, Magdalena and Hiray, just to name a few.

The Biosphere Natural Reserve of El Vizcaíno, with its 2,500,000 hectares (6,177,635 acres), is the largest natural reserve in Latin America. It is located in the Mulegé municipality and extends from the west end of the Vizcaíno Peninsula and the San Ignacio and Ojo de Liebre lagoons, passing over theSan Francisco Sierra, to the shores of the Gulf of California and the islands in the Gulf of California.

Los cabos

The state is known for its natural features. The Vizcaíno Desert and small coastal lakes San Ignacio and Ojo de Liebre in the north are protected by the federal government. The state includes the Pacific islands of Natividad, Magdalena, and Santa Margarita, as well as the islands of San Marcos, Coronados, Carmen, Montserrat, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, San Diego, San José, San Francisco, Partida, Espíritu Santo, and Cerralvo, which are located in the Gulf of California. Rocas Alijos are a group of tiny, steep and barren volcanic islets found offshore.

Numerous flora and fauna are found in Baja California Sur. Notable among the tree species is the Elephant tree, Bursera microphylla, which species exhibits a contorted multi-furcate architecture.

Video of Turism in Baja California Sur

MAYAN PROPHECY OF 2012

Calendar Mesoamerican Long Count

The Long Count is a computer system that was in place in time from the Late Preclassic Mesoamerica until the end of the Classic. Although generally attributed to the invention of the Maya Long Count, the oldest inscriptions in this system have been found in objects associated with Epi-Olmec culture. There is no single method to correlate the Long Count dates in the Gregorian calendar. This is because Europeans knew the long count in the twentieth century, almost ten centuries after it fell into disuse. Among the proposed correlations, the most widely used is called GMT +2 (Goodman-Martinez-Thompson), which marks the initial date of computation on 11 August 3114. C. 10 11 The Maya script was subsequently deciphered, where much of his material survived the conquest hieroglyph española.

Unlike the 52-year calendar round still used today among the Maya, the Long Count was linear, almost cyclical, and calculate the time in units of 20: 20 days make a uinal, 18 uinals (360 days) made a tun, 20 make a k'atun tunes, and 20 katun (144,000 days) made about b'ak'tun. Thus, the Mayan date of 8.3.2.10.15 represents 8 baktun,  3 katun , 2 tunes, 10 uinals and 15 days.

Apocalypse

There is a strong tradition of "world ages" in Mayan literature, but the record has been distorted, leaving several possibilities opened. According to the Popol Vuh, a book compiling details of creation accounts known to the Quiche Mayan ethnic group of the highlands of the colonial era, now living in the fourth world. The Popol Vuh states that the first gods created three failed worlds, the fourth world succeeded and prospered, and became the home of modern man. In the long count, every previous world ended after the thirteenth baktun (5125 years).

The "zero date" of the Long Count is calculted in 15 on August 11, 3114. C.

In 1957, American astronomer Maud Worcester Makemson (1891-1977) wrote that "the full phase of a great period of 13 baktuns could have been of paramount importance to the Mayans' .

In 1966, the religious writer Michael D. Coe said in his book The Maya that "on the final day of the thirteenth baktun, Armageddon might surprise the degenerate people of this world and all creation '.

Objections

In the early nineties, some religious writers (new age) repeated Coe's apocalyptic vision. While in contrast, later investigated the baktun end date could be related more to a celebración and not mark the end of the calendar.

In the prophecies of the Maya, the Aztecs or the ancient Mesoamericans there is nothing to suggest that they prophesied a sudden or large of any kind in 2012. The notion of a "Great Cycle" coming to an end is a thoroughly modern invention.

Mark van Stone (researcher Mayanist)

In 1990, researchers mayanistas Linda Schele and David Freidel argued that the Maya "did not conceive this to be an end of creation, as many have suggested."

Susan Milbrath, curator of the Museum of Natural History in Florida stated that "the archaeological community we have no record that the Mayans believed that the world would end in 2012."

"For the ancient Maya, it was a grand celebration that marks the end of a cycle," said Sandra Noble, executive director of the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies in Crystal River (Florida) -. Submit to December 21, 2012 as a doomsday event or moment of cosmic shifting is a total fabrication and a great opportunity for many people to get money '.

"It will be another cycle, said E. Wyllys Andrews V, director of Tulane University. We know the Maya thought there was something before your calendar, and that implies they were comfortable with the idea that there was a calendar after '.

"I think popular books [...] about what the Mayans say will happen are made on very little evidence," said Anthony Aveni, a professor of Native American studies, anthropology and astronomy at the University of Colgate.

Due to the large number of inquiries received by NASA on the subject, published an article that institution as a FAQ ('Frequently Asked Questions' in English) on the relationship between the 2012 and the supposed end of the world.

Reference maya the thirteenth baktun.

The contemporary Maya 2012, do not attach any importance to the thirteenth baktun. Although some Maya groups in the highlands of Guatemala still use the calendar round, the "long count" was used exclusively by the classic Maya, and was recently discovered by arqueólogos.

The largest Guatemalan Mayan Apolinario Chile Pixtun and Mexican archaeologist Guillermo Bernal noted that "apocalypse" is a Western concept that has little or nothing to do with Mayan beliefs. Bernal believes that such ideas have been imposed on the Maya by Westerners because their own myths are "exhausted"

Guatemalan Mayan archaeologist Jose Huchm stated that "if to some Mayan-speaking communities and asked them about what will happen in 2012, probably would have no idea about it. What will the world end? Do not believe it. Currently we have really important issues, like rain '.

The importance that the ancient Maya gave him the baktun 13 is uncertain. Most classic Maya inscriptions are strictly historical and do not make any prophetic statement. Two articles in the body text of Mayan history, however, may make mention of the end of the thirteenth baktun: Tortuguero Monument Six and the Chilam Balam.

Tortuguero

The inscriptions of Tortuguero, located at the southern end of Tabasco (Mexico), were written in the seventh century d. C. and consist of a series of inscriptions in honor of the ruler Bahlam Ajaw. One inscription, known as Tortuguero Monument Six, is the only inscription referring to the thirteenth baktun. It was partially damaged. According to a translation of Sven Gronemeyer and Barbara MacLeod:

tzuhtzjo: m uy-u: xlaju: n pik (to be completed the thirteenth baktun)

chan ajaw u: x uni: w uhto: m il? (And a vision happen [?])

ye'ni / e: n bolon Yokte (is the sample-Yokte B'olon)

joyaj chak ta (in a great investment) 

Little is known about the god Bolon Yokte. According to an article by researchers Markus Eberl and Christian Prager (in British Anthropological Reports), his name is composed of the elements "nine", 'OK-te' (the meaning of which is unknown), and "god". Some confusion in the classical period inscriptions suggests that by that time the name was unfamiliar to ancient scribes. This god also appears in inscriptions from Palenque, Usumacinta, and La Mar as a god of war and the underworld. On a pillar is represented with a rope around his neck, and in another with an incense bag signifying a sacrifice to an end a period of time.

The 'Chilam Balam'

The Chilam Balam are a group of Mayan prophetic histories written after the Spanish conquest, transcribed in a modified form of the Spanish alphabet. Attributed to the chilam balam ('prophets jaguars'). The Chilam Balam of Tizimin has been translated four times in the twentieth century, with many disputes over the meaning of its passages. One passage in particular is relevant to the interpretation of the thirteenth baktun:

Lic u such Oxlahun bak chem, ti u CENIC u (tzan to cen / ba nacom) i (CIAC / cha ') a ba yum (il / t) exe.

Maud Worcester Makemson Archaeologist (1891-1977) believed that this line referred to a "tremendously important event of the arrival of 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 3 Kankin in a not too distant future." His translation of the line says:

Soon, the thirteenth baktun come sailing, figuratively speaking, bringing the ornaments that I have mentioned of your ancestors.

His version of the text continues, "Then the god will come to visit their children. Perhaps, "after death" is the theme of his speech. " 13.0.0.0.0 Makemson dated in 1752 and, therefore, the "not too distant future" in her annotations meant a few years after the scribe in Tizimín recorded his Chilam Balam. The most recent translation of Munro S. Edmonson does not support this reading, he believes that the Long Count is almost entirely absent from the book, because the 360-day tun was replaced about 1750 by a 365-day Christian year. He translates the line as follows:

... As the arrival of thirteen sailboats. When the captains dress, her parents will tomados.

Other Chilam Balam books contain references to the thirteenth baktun, but it is unclear whether dealing with past or future, eg oxhun bakam or katunil (bakam thirteen katun) in the Chilam Balam of Bolon Chumayel.30 Yokte 'appeared K'uh In the Chilam Balam of Chumayel means an apparent battle or victory against invaders españoles.

Dates beyond the thirteenth baktun

Temple of Inscriptions

Many inscriptions occasionally referenced future events or commemorations that would occur on dates that lie beyond the full phase of the thirteenth baktun. Many of these are in the form of "distant dates" which gives a Long Count date, together with a Distance Number that is added to the Long Count date of arrival at that future date. In a west panel at the Temple of Inscriptions in Palenque, a section of text projections in the future towards the eightieth anniversary of the Calendar Round of Palenque ruler K'inich Janaab 'Pakal accessing the throne (Pakal's rise occurs in 9.9.2.4.8; equivalent to July 27, 615 CE in proleptic Gregorian calendar). To do this, starting with Pakal's birthdate of 9.8.9.13.0 (March 24, 603 CE, Gregorian date) and adding to this the number Distant 10.11.10.5.8.32

This calculation comes at the eightieth Calendar Round anniversary since his ascension, which is located at 4000 years after the time of Pakal: October 21, 4772 to. C.33 32 34

Another example is one in Coba Stela, delivering a 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0 date., Or twenty units above the baktun, placing it either 4.134105 × 1028 (41 octillion) years in the future, or an equal distance in the pasado.34 However, this date is three quintillion times an era in the universe, demonstrating that not all .

mayas

SINALOA

The Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa is one of the 31 states with the Federal District comprise the 32 states Hotels.com guest. It is located northwest of the country, on the coast of the Gulf of California, bordered on the north by Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango east (separated from them by the Sierra Madre Occidental) and Nayarit to the south. Its capital is Culiacán, an industrial and agricultural importance, with approximately 858.638 inhabitants. Next in importance and size Mazatlán major tourist destination, and fishing port with approximately 438.434 inhabitants, and Los Mochis, an agricultural center, fishing, tourism and industry with approximately 416.299 inhabitants.

Sinaloa is the most important agricultural state of Mexico, in addition, has the second largest fishing fleet in the country. Culturally, it is known nationally and even internationally for its traditional music, or Tambora Band. The Ulama, regional version of the pre-Hispanic ball game, is still practiced in the state.

Sinaloa is located on a naturally fertile region, has 11 rivers and 12 reservoirs, the newest of which Picachos Dam, located in the Rio Presidio at the boundaries of the municipalities of Mazatlán and Concordia. It has 656 kilometers of coastline belonging mostly to the Gulf of California and the Pacific Ocean. Besides having 12 bays and 15 estuaries.

Sinaloa is divided into 18 municipalities (listed north to south): Choix, El Fuerte, Ahome, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mocorito, Angostura, Salvador Alvarado, Badiraguato, Culiacán, Navolato, Cosalá, Elota, San Ignacio, Mazatlan, Concordia, Rosario and Escuinapa.

Climate

The state has 48% subhumid warm climate located in a northeast-southeast strip stretching from Choix to the border with Nayarit, 40% is dry and semidry present in a belt stretching from El Fuerte to Mazatlan, 10% is very dry and is located in the Los Mochis, the remaining 2% is temperate subhumid located in the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

The average annual temperature in the state is around 25 ° C, the average minimum temperatures are about 10.5 ° C in January and the highest average may be higher than 36 ° C during the months of May to July.

Most rainfall occurs in the summer during the months of July to September, the state's average rainfall is 790 mm per year.

Sinaloa is national agricultural producer, the main growing areas are in dry and semi-dry climates, so it requires irrigation being the main crops: corn, beans, potatoes, safflower, soybean, cotton, sorghum, chickpeas and safflower among others. In the region with warm humid climate is grown tomatoes, watermelon, melon, vegetables and fruits like mango, in its different varieties Kent, Tommy and Keiit mainly.

• 40% dry and semidry
• Warm humid 48%
• Very dry 10%
• Temperate subhumid 2%

Surface

Sinaloa has an area of ​​57,365 square kilometers (km2), therefore ranks 18 nationally.

Percentage territorial

The state of Sinaloa represents 2.9% of the country's area.

Coastal

Sinaloa has 622 km of coastline, representing 5.6% of the national total.

Population

According to data II threw the Population and Housing Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with census date of 12 June 2010, the state of Sinaloa until this year had a total of 2,767,761 inhabitants of that number, 1,376,201 were men and 1,391,560 were women.2 The annual growth rate for the entity during the period 2005-2010 was 1.2%.

MAZATLAN BEACH.

Nuevo Leon

Nuevo León is a state located in northeastern Mexico. It borders the states of Tamaulipas to the north and east and San Luis Potosí to the south, and Coahuila to the west. To the north, Nuevo León accounts for a 15 kilometer (9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.

The capital of Nuevo León is Monterrey, other important cities include Guadalupe, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás de los Garza, and San Pedro Garza García, all of which are part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area.

Geography

The capital of Nuevo León is Monterrey, other important cities include Guadalupe, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás de los Garza, and San Pedro Garza García, all of which are part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area.

Nuevo León has an extreme climate, and there is very little rainfall throughout the year. The territory covers 64,924 square kilometers (25,067.3 sq mi), and can be divided into three regions: a hot, dry region in the north, a temperate region in the mountains, and a semi-arid region in the south. The Sierra Madre Orientalmountain range affects in an important way the lay of the land forming the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. As for hydrography, the San Juan River supplies the El Cuchillo dam, which provides water for Monterrey and the metropolitan area. 

Presa de la boca

There are also the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Vaquerías, Nogalitos, and Agualeguas dams. Laguna de Labradores is a major lake in Nuevo León, and Pozo del Gavilán is a natural well. Both are located in the Galeana municipality.

Pozo del Gavilan

The flora of the region includes brush and pastures in the low regions, and pine and oak trees in the mountains. The fauna includes black bears,mountain lions, javelinas, prairie dogs, foxes, coyotes, and white-tailed deer, along with smaller species.

Huasteca

El salto

Grutas de García

Laguna de labradores (galeana)

Video of Nuevo Leon 

COAHUILA

Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza, officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila de Zaragoza (Free and Sovereign State of Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northeastern.

Coahuila borders the Mexican states of Nuevo Leon to the east, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south, and Durango and Chihuahua to the west. To the north, Coahuila accounts for a 512 kilometers (318 mi) stretch of the U.S. - Mexico border, adjacent to the United States state of Texas along the course of the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo). With an area of 151,563 square kilometers (58,518.8 sq mi), it is the nation's third-largest state. It comprises 38 municipalities. In 2010, Coahuila's population is 2,655,187 inhabitants.

The capital of Coahuila is Saltillo, and its largest city is Torreon. Coahuila also includes the cities of Monclova (a former state capital), Piedras Negras, and Ciudad Acuña.

Geography

The Sierra Madre Oriental runs northwest to southeast through the State, and the higher elevations are home to the Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests.

East of the range, the land slopes gently toward the Rio Grande, and is drained by several rivers, including the Salado and its tributary the Sabinas. The Tamaulipan mezquital, a dry shrubland ecoregion, occupies the eastern portion of the State, and extends across the Rio Grande into southern Texas.

The portion of the State west of the Sierra Madre Oriental lies on the Mexican Plateau, and is part of the Chihuahuan Desert. The Bolsón de Mapimí is a large endorheic basin which covers much of the western portion of the State and extends into adjacent portions of Chihuahua, Durango, and Zacatecas. The Nazas River, which flows east from Durango, and the Aguanaval River, which flows north from Zacatecas, empty into lakes in the Bolsón. Torreón, the most populous city in the State, lies on the Nazas in the irrigated Laguna Region, the (Comarca Lagunera), which straddles the border of Coahuila and Durango.

Coahuila contains two biosphere reserves. Maderas del Carmen lies on the northern border of the State, and includes sections of the Chihuahuan desert and sky islands of pine-oak forest in the Sierra del Carmen. The springs, lakes, and wetlands of Cuatro Ciénegas lie west of Monclova on the west slope of the Sierra Madre.

Cuatrocienegas

Las playitas- Cuatrocienegas

(oasis in the desert)

Desert of Cuatrocienegas

Boquillas del Carmen- National Park

Coahuila is largely arid or semi-arid, but the rivers of the State support extensive irrigated agriculture, particularly cotton. The Parras district in the southern part of the State produces wines and brandies. The pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre produce timber.

Monterreal- Arteaga mountains

Monterreal- Arteaga mountains

Parras Madero

Video of Coahuila

YUCATAN

Yucatan, Tierra del Mayab, is a legendary land That offers impressive archaeological sites, Historical stately cities, caves, cenotes, beaches, Mayan communities, music and gastronomy Live culture, legacy of our ancestors…

Yucatan is a perfect fusion of past and present, It is a constant dance of colors, aromas, sounds, flavors, textures.. It is a never ending mosaic of prodigies to be discovered…

Here we like to smile and make our visitors smile, The hospitality, the human warmth and our singularity, Distinguishes us and we feel proud to offer it to our visitors.  To know Yucatan is a unique experience, always different.

Yucatan